Finance

Income Statement

  • Income (is Revenue)
    • The amount coming from sales
    • Cost of Service / Cost of Goods
    • What it costs to deliver the Sale
  • Gross Profit
    • Income – Cost of Service
    • Should be positive otherwise business is not going to survive
    • This is the cost income coming from delivering the goods
  • Expenses
    • The overhead of running a company including salaries, etc. that are not tied to delivering the goods.
    • This is also where depreciation goes for stuff bought
    • Taxes as well are here.
  • Net Operating Income (Net Operating Profit)
    • Gross Profit – Expenses
    • This is what it costs to run the company
  • Net Other Income
    • This is money made from interest and other things unrelated to what the company produces
  • Net Income (Net Profit)
    • Total amount of profit / loss of running the company

Balance Sheet

The balance sheet is the cumulative growth of the company and so is an important document.

Assets = liabilities + owner’s equity

  • Assets
    • Cash
    • Inventory
    • Reduction in Inventory should increase Cash
    • Accounts Receivable
    • Think of this as a loan to the customer.
    • Long Term Assets
    • Buildings to have been bought a while ago and the value could have increased, but we can’t realize the change until we sell it.
  • Liabilities
    • Loans
    • Long Terms
    • Account Payable
    • To vendors, etc. Think of money you owe as a loan the vendors gave you.
  • Equity
    • Retained Earnings.
    • Money that isn’t withdrawn and reinvested into the company.

Question to ask:

  • Is your cash increasing or is it increasing because of an increase in liabilities?
  • Are your liabilities increasing to increase you cash?

Cash Flow Statement

The cash coming in and going out. Divided into three sections

  • Operating Activities
    • Cash from delivering our products and services.
    • We want to increase the amount of cash coming here to be higher.
    • The more money we get from operating activities the better.
    • Increase cash flow by getting money faster from the customer, and delaying paying the supplier
  • Investing Activities
    • We need to invest money in the future so this is where we would do it.
    • i.e Computers, machines, etc.
    • There should be some investment here otherwise you are not investing in the growth of your company
  • Financing Activities
    • Money from loans, etc.
    • How we get money from loans, our payments for loans, etc.
    • Are you paying a lot of this? If this is how you are increasing your cashflow that isn’t necessarily good.

Free Cash Flow = Operating Activities – Investing Activities

Financial Ratios

Profitability Ratios

Gross Profit Margin (Income Statement)

Shows the basic profitiability of your product or service before overhead or expenes are added in.

grossmargin = grossprofit / revenue

  • Is there a negative trend in gross_margin?

Operating Profit Margin (Income Statement)

operatingprofit[EBIT] = grossprofit – operating_expenses

operatingmargin = operatingprofit / revenue

  • Watch the operating_margin to see if costs are increasing faster than sales?

Net Profit Margin (Income Statement)

After all the other expenses have been paid for including taxes, interest, etc. netmargin = netprofit / revenue

Return on Assets (Income Statement, Balance Sheet)

  • How effective are we using out assets to generate a profit.
  • Don’t want it to be too high because that means the company isn’t investing in new facilities and equipment.

returnonassets = netprofit / totalassets

Return on Equity

  • What percent of profit you make for every dollar of equity invested in the company.
  • “From an outside investor’s perspective, ROE is a key ratio. Depending on interest rates, an investor can probably earn 3 percent or 4 percnt on a treasury bond, which is eessentially a risk-free investment. So if someone is going to put money into your company – or if you’re going to invest in sombody ele’s business – he or you willl want a substantially higer return on equity.”

return on equity = net profit / shareholder equity

Leverage Ratios

Debt-to-Equity

debt-to-equity ratio = total liabilities / shareholder equity

If > 1 then there is more debt used to finance the growth. If less then there is less debt. Bankers love this number because it shows how much debt the company has taken on versus the equity.

Interest Coverage

interest_coverage = operating profit / annual interest charges

How much interest is paid every year compared to how much profit is being made.

  • If it gets too close to 1 it is a bad sign.
  • If it is a high ratio then the company can take on additional debt.

Liquidity Ratios

Current Ratio

currentratio = currentassets / current_liabilities

  • Don’t want to be anywhere near 1 since that means you will barely be able to cover the liabilities that will come due with the cash yo’ll hae coming in.
  • Don’t want it to be < 1 since you will run out of cash in the future.
  • A number too high means that the company is sitting on its cash.

Quick Ratio

quickratio = (currentassets – inventory) / current_liabilities

The quick ratio shows how easy it would be for a company to pay off its short-term debt without waiting to sell off inventory or conver it into product.

Efficiency Ratios

Lets you know how well your balance sheet is doing.

Inventory Days and Inventory Turnover

  • How fast can you move investory and convert it to cash.

Inventory Days

daysininventory = average_inventory / COGS / day

  • Give the number of days inventory stayed in the system
  • day is usually 360

Inventory Turn

How many times inventory turns over every year. inventoryturns = 360 / daysin_inventory

  • How frequently you sell out your stock and had to replenish it.
  • The higher the number of turns the tigher your management of inventory and the better your cash position.
  • This is useful for retail

Days Sales Outstanding

Average Collection Period. How long it takes for customers to pay their bills.

days sales outstanding = ending accounts receivable / annual revenue * day

  • day is 360 ending accouts receivable = from balance sheet
  • great number for entrepreneurs
  • bring this down as it gives how long it takes for customers to pay their bills.
  • a high DSO is bad as it may mean the customers are in trouble.

Days Payable Outstanding

The inverse of Days Sales Outstanding. How long it takes for us to pay our bills. dayspayableoutstanding = ending Account payable / COGS / day

higher the DSO the less happy vendors are.

Total Asset Turnover

totalassetturnover = reveneue / total assets

  • A company with lower turnover isn’t using as effectively as a higher one
  • How efficient you are at generating profit from the income.

Return on Investment

Return of Inveatment is based on current value of money

  • The hurdle rate is what the opportunity cost of of getting a return else where at the present value.
  • What is the free cash flow generated by the equipment. This is the estimate per year.
  • What is the duration of the life of the equipment.

Net Present Value (NPV)

Over a period of time

  • Cash Flow Rate
  • How much it will cost and how to estimate

Example: A project starts Year 0: It costs -10,0000 Year 1: It brings in cash of 2500 Year 2: It brings in cash of 4000 Year 3: It brings in cash of 5000 Year 4: It brings in cash of 3000 Year 5: It brings in cash of 1000 Discount Rate = What you could have earned elsewhere. Ex 6% So you would do:

NPV = -10,000 + 2500/1.06 + 4000/1.06^2 + 5000/1.06^3 + 3000/1.06^4 + 1000/1.06&5 = -10,000 + 13,239 = $3,239

  • If NPV > 0 then accept
    • The 6% (discount rate is an opportunity cost)
    • The money is not free and could have been deployed elsewhere
    • If NPV is greater 0 than it is larger return than 6% we would have gotten elsewhere
    • If comparing different projects the project with the highest NPV has the highest return

Cash Conversion Cycle

How long it takes to replenish cash. day inventory oustanding + day sale outstanding – day payable outstandig

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